Silane-Coupling Impelled Metal Oxide-MXene Proximity: An Electrochemical Probe for Tracking Enteral Histaminosis In Vitro
Abstract
Allergic reactions trigger the release of histamine (HA) by immune cells when the body encounters allergens, such as pollen, dust, or certain foods. Besides its role in immune responses, HA also functions as a neurotransmitter released by neurons in the brain. The enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) is mainly responsible for breaking down HA and deficiency in DAO can lead to histamine intolerance, known as enteral histaminosis, where the inability to metabolize histamine results in its accumulation, potentially causing allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, vertigo, Tourette syndrome, and other issues. To address this, there is a growing need for point-of-care (PoC) detection technologies capable of fast, accurate, and sensitive on-site HA detection. In this study, we developed a sensor by integrating Nb2CTx MXene with tungsten trioxide (WO3) using silane linkage by 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), resulting in WO3-APTES-Nb2CTx composite which was used as the electrode modifier on a flexible carbon yarn (CY) electrode. The density functional theory (DFT) analysis was employed to investigate the interaction of HA with WO3-APTES-Nb2CTx and Nb2CTx and electron transport sites, providing a deeper understanding of the sensing mechanism. The sensing capability of the developed sensor was evaluated electrochemically, and the sensor demonstrated exceptional performance, including an ultralow detection limit of 432.4 pM with a broad detection range between 1 nM and 100 nM, as well as high…
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Evidence Hub reads this as a simulation / modelling, done in cell cultures (in vitro), not in people. Its evidence level is 5 of 5 (Very low · case / narrative / animal / in vitro / in silico). Case reports, narrative reviews, and animal, cell or computer-model studies give the weakest evidence for human health.
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