Overview: Electrochemical Sensors for Dopamine
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter located in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of the human brain [1]. It is a critical puzzle piece in understanding neural behavior and in developing therapeutic intervention technologies for neurological disorders. Monitoring of extracellular DA concentration can serve as a clinically relevant biomarker for specific diseases states as well as a gateway to monitor treatment efficacy. Fluorescence, flow injections, Raman, chromatography and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) are some examples of analytical techniques that have been reported in the literature [2-6] for the detection of neurotransmitters. Although they offer good selectivity and low limits of detection, they require complex steps and expensive instrumentation [7]. Electrochemical sensors, on the other hand, provide an inexpensive, easy, sensitive, rapid, and selective tool for detection of biomarkers of several diseases and can be easily embedded into portable, more efficient devices for targeted applications in both the clinical and diagnostic fields. In Parkinson’s disease for example, such sensors can be integrated with therapeutic interventions such as deep brain stimulation systems, to enhance the ability to continuously monitor dopamine and other neurotransmitters that are prone to fluctuations. Despite the obstacle of overlapping electrochemical signals in the brain due to the…
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