2D Materials-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
There are numerous analytical tools available nowadays for studying individual cells and cell populations. Electrochemical sensors are emerging tools for detecting the released molecules of low molecular weight or taken up by cells. These sensors offer several advantages over traditional methods, such as high sensitivity, selectivity, and portability. Graphene materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and other two-dimensional (2D) materials are increasingly used to build such sensors to progress the analytical performances of these devices. This chapter discusses the 2D material–based electrochemical sensors and their applications in monitoring tiny molecules (e.g., glucose, hydrogen peroxide [ https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> H 2 https://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> O 2 ], and nitric oxide [NO] and biological systems under living conditions. The few 2D material–based electrochemical sensors that are wearable or useful in vivo are also covered. Lastly, the biocompatibility of 2D materials is addressed in this chapter. It is an essential requirement for both in vitro and in vivo applications of 2D material–based sensors. The electrochemical sensors used at the cellular level that are made with 2D materials are critically analyzed in this chapter. It also assesses the possibility of using these sensors on or inside the human body on a larger scale.
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