Graphene/MWCNT/copper-nanoparticle fabricated printed electrode for diclofenac detection in milk and drinking water: Electrochemical and in-silico analysis
Abstract
This study investigates the electrochemical sensing of Diclofenac sodium. A single carbon printed electrode was modified with the combination of graphene (GRP), multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and copper-nanoparticle (CuNP) blended with oleic acid (OA) (i.e. CuNP@OA) as working electrode material of the three-electrode system (i.e. GRP-MWCNT-CuNP@OA). Here, copper nanoparticles , being responsible for catalysis, are embedded on the matrix comprising of GRP and MWCNT which serves as the conductive matrix material for electrode. The OA acts as a stabilising agent for the active CuNPs. The chemical sensitivity feature (in terms of binding interaction) of the GRP-MWCNT-CuNP@OA composite model interacting with the Diclofenac has been examined by implementing quantum chemical calculation approaches like molecular modelling, semi-empirical, QTAIM, and NCI-plot based tools. Some useful and important properties have also been examined using electronic parameters such as HOMO, LUMO, HOMO-LUMO gap, charge transfer (CT), QTAIM-based topological parameters, etc. which could indeed be helpful for the experimentalists in understanding the structural, stability/energetics, and electronic features of the probed composite models at nano-level. Further, the characterization of the composite was carried out through some sophisticated characterization techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and powder XRD. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is…
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