Carbon Paste Macrocycle Doped Composite Electrodes for the Selective Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has shown to play a very important role in the functioning of the central nervous system. Thus, the determination of DA is of great importance in the fields of neurochemistry and biomedical chemistry. In this thesis, a number of carbon paste electrodes modified with macrocycles for the electrochemical detection of DA is reported. The different macrocycles employed were based on cyclodextrin derivatives and consist of sulfated β-CD (S-β-CD), carboxymethyl β-CD (CM-β-CD), Ferrocene complex β-CD (Fc-β-CD), Heptakis 6-deoxy-6-(1-(4,5-dicarboxyl)-1,2,3-triazolyl)-β-CD (CD6.6) and Heptakis (6-(4-hydroxymethyl-1H-[1, 2, 3] triazol-1-yl)-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (CD6.7). The fabricated electrodes were characterized by using surface techniques and electrochemical methods such as energy dispersive X-ray (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (ESI) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The detection of DA at all modified electrodes (except for CD6.7) resulted in an enhancement of the oxidation signal response over that of the bare electrode. High performance of the electrochemical detection of DA was obtained at S-β-CD modified CPE such as a wide concentration range (from 5 × 10-7 M to 5 × 10-4 M) and low detection limit (1.33 × 10-7 M). It was shown that the sensitivity of the developed sensor towards the detection of DA depends on the amount of S-β-CD incorporated within the paste. The optimum sensor architecture was…
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