X‐Ray Diffraction Techniques
Abstract
X-ray diffraction has contributed more to mineralogical characterization of clay fractions of soils than has any other single method of analysis. X-ray photons may be considered as "packets" of monochromatic electromagnetic waves, generated as random events, emanating outward in a spherical array from their point source. Commercial x-ray diffraction equipment includes a high-voltage generator, an x-ray source, an x-ray beam collimating system, and a detecting and recording system. Crystal monochrometers for selective discrimination of diffracted x-rays from nondirectional x-ray scatter are available for use with recent x-ray spectrometers. Qualitative interpretation of diffraction patterns involves identification of crystalline species from the array of diffraction maxima obtained from a sample. For the most reliable and accurate estimation, the use of x-ray diffraction analysis in conjunction with other methods such as differential-thermal, integral-thermal, infrared, surface-area, elemental analysis, and other species-specific chemical methods is advisable.
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