Ultra-portable chest X-ray systems and AI-assisted interpretation tools for tuberculosis screening in India: A narrative review of emerging technologies and operational considerations
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in India, which continues to account for the highest global TB burden. Findings from the National TB Prevalence Survey highlighted a substantial proportion of asymptomatic and subclinical TB cases, emphasizing the limitations of symptom-based screening approaches and the need for more sensitive and accessible screening strategies. Recent advances in ultra-portable chest X-ray systems and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted chest radiograph interpretation tools have created new opportunities for decentralized and point-of-care TB screening. The objective of the paper is to provide a narrative review of currently available ultra-portable handheld chest X-ray systems and AI-assisted chest radiograph interpretation tools for TB screening in India, with emphasis on their technical characteristics, operational feasibility, reported diagnostic performance, implementation readiness, and programmatic relevance. A narrative review and comparative technology assessment were conducted using information obtained from peer-reviewed literature, World Health Organization guidance documents, national programme reports, publicly available technical specifications, vendor documentation, product brochures, conference materials, and implementation reports. Technologies were reviewed using a structured comparative framework covering technical characteristics, diagnostic performance, operational feasibility, interoperability, regulatory…
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