Urticaria as a dermatologic manifestation of Giardia infection: a systematic review of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features
Abstract
Background: Giardiasis is recognized as the most prevalent enteric protozoal infection worldwide. Although gastrointestinal symptoms are the most common manifestations of giardiasis, several studies have reported cases of urticaria associated with this infection. Urticaria is a common mast cell-dependent disorder characterized by wheals, angioedema, or both. The aim of this study was to conduct the first systematic review to comprehensively synthesize the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features of urticaria as a dermatologic manifestation in patients with giardiasis.
Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar were searched without language restrictions up to 2025 to identify articles reporting patients with urticaria and giardiasis.
Results: Thirteen papers describing a total of 23 patients (14 males and 9 females, aged 4 to 56 years) were included. The locations of urticarial lesions varied, involving the head, trunk, and extremities. The duration of urticaria ranged from 8 h to 8 months. Other clinical manifestations reported in the patients included diarrhea, pruritus, abdominal distension, arthropathy, anorexia, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dysphagia. Increased Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), elevated Immunoglobulin E (IgE), eosinophilia, stool…
How strong is the evidence?
Evidence Hub reads this as a systematic review, done in people. Its evidence level is 1 of 5 (Highest · pooled evidence). Pooled evidence from several studies sits at the top of the evidence pyramid. Reported size: 23 participants or records.
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