The Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
Background Probiotics have proven beneficial in a number of immune-mediated and allergic diseases. Several human studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of probiotics in allergic rhinitis; however, evidence for their use has yet to be firmly established. Objective We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to address the effect and safety of probiotics on allergic rhinitis. Methods We systematically searched databases [MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials] from inception until June 1, 2021. Qualified literature was selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the data were extracted, and a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Results Twenty-eight studies were included. The results showed that probiotics significantly relieved allergic rhinitis symptoms (standardized mean difference [SMD], −0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−0.44, −0.13]; p = 0.0003, I2 = 89%), decreased Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores compared with the control group (SMD, −0.64, 95% CI [−0.79, −0.49], p < 0.00001, I2 = 97%), and increased T helper cell 1(Th1)/Th2 ratio (mean difference [MD], −2.47, 95% CI [−3.27, −1.68], p < 0.00001, I2 = 72%). There was no significant change in overall or specific IgE levels between probiotic-treated and placebo-treated subjects (SMD, 0.09, 95% CI [−0.16, 0.34], I2 = 0%, and SMD, −0.03, 95% CI [−0.18, 0.13], p = 0.72, I2 = 0%, respectively).…
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