Radiation dose and shielding considerations for digital dynamic radiography (DDR) compared to mobile C-arms
Abstract
Background: Digital dynamic radiography (DDR), integrated into Konica Minolta's portable mKDR system, provides dynamic imaging for pulmonary, orthopedic, and interventional applications. While DDR is not classified as fluoroscopy, its use of pulsed x-rays for cine-like image sequences raises concerns about radiation exposure and shielding, particularly given the absence of a primary beam stop, high output capabilities, and increasing clinical adoption.
Purpose: To characterize the primary and scatter radiation output of a DDR system and compare it against commonly used mobile C-arm fluoroscopy units, and to evaluate shielding requirements and potential occupational exposure risks associated with DDR use.
Methods: Radiation dose output and scatter were assessed for a Konica Minolta mKDR system and three mobile C-arms: GE OEC Elite, Siemens Cios Spin, and Ziehm Vision RFD 3D. Unshielded primary air kerma was measured at 100 cm SID using matched dose settings (low, medium, high). Scatter fraction and normalized scatter were measured at eight angles and three distances using a 20 cm PMMA phantom and an ion chamber. Additional direct comparisons of angular scatter doses between DDR and a GE C-arm were made during 20-s acquisitions at varying distances. The Klein-Nishina differential cross section was also calculated for photon energies representative of clinical settings. Leakage radiation and image receptor attenuation were quantified. Shielding requirements were estimated using…
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